Chapter 22: The End of Empire (documents) p.1120-1135

Speech to the General Congress of the Republican Party (1927)

• rejects caliph power
• unreasonable aim to unite in one tribe
• recognition of the authority of the Caliph would be a condition o the independence of the Persian and Afghan states.
• Free to religious opinion=nation must eliminate enforcement of sharia from Constitution
• Abolish all sects of religious titles

          Under to rule of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk abolishment of Islam in all part of public life was put into place to reject the old Ottoman Empires ways. He wanted to modernize the country. he advocated for personal devotion and goals within the individual.


From Islam to America (2010)

• Found new ideas from the Enlightenment from a university
• Disowned by her father and went to live in the Netherlands
• she no longer wanted to be a muslim due to 9/11
• Treatment of women in the Quran

          Ayaan Hirsi Ali who found new ideas that she favored more than the harsh teaching in the Quran was disowned from her father because of this and wen to seek asylum in the Netherlands. She says that the treatment of women in the Quran is horrible. Once a girl starts menstruating she has no voice. They are forced to clean and cook, comply with the arranged marriage by their fathers, and after marriage their lives are devoured to the sexual pleasure of their husbands and childbearing. No education. Her touch with Western individualism and Enlightenment and 9/11 made her path of choice much more clear and drifted from her strict Muslim faith.

The End of Empire: Chapter 22 (p.1087-1119)

1914-present

End of Empires following WWI: >> gave rise to Europe and Middle East

• Austrian                             
• Ottoman Empire

End of Empires following WWII:

• German
• Japanese

" only legitimate government is national self-government "
-Nationalism played a major role in its disintegration>>Colonial rule dug its own grave
"fatal flaw" = nationalism
"conjuncture" - the coming together of several separate developments at a  particular time
-United Nations conducted a platform of anti colonial agitation = a transformation of social values that encouraged African and Asian countries to seek independence

India Ending British Rule

• British didn't assimilate into Indian culture
• British technology , schools, and language bound many regions in India together
• Gandhi called for moral transformation>>non-violence
• Gandhi and Congress Party(INC) finally agreed to partition as the British declared that they will leave India after WWII
• India became independent in 1947 as two countries (Pakistan and India)
• dividing was a harsh violent time

South Africa Ending Apartheid

• had been independent from Britain since 1910
• but had been decided by white controlled government (only 20% of population)
• Country was mostly black  and had no political rights
• South Africans against this governing 
• Boer War (1899-1902) Afrikaner fought independence from British-ruled South Africa

Chapter 21: Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict

Global Communism
-19th century European socialism ~Karl Marx
-1970=1/3 of the world lived in communism
-Soviet Union (communist) largest in size
-China (communist) largest in population
-Communism to Europe during WWII
-Mongolia became communist by Russian Revolution spillover
-After Japans defeated in WWII, it split, and Soviet controls the northern half

Russian Revolution
-1917
-inspired other revolutions
-inspired by French Revolution;by getting rid of 'old' ways
-caused by the pressure(accumulated tensions) of WWI
-Warsaw Pact:brought SU and Eastern Europe together to fight western NATO alliance
-Treaty of Friendship: between SU and China
-showed weakness in Provincial Government : middle class politicians and modern socialist leaders
                    ~Divided and ineffectual, unwilling to meet demands of revolution
*Bolsheviks-radical small socialist group, leader Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)

Cold War
-In Europe
-Soviet in Eastern Europe vs. American&British
-control vs. democratic societies
-NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
-extension of communism into Asia globalized the cold war or "hot wars"
-Afganistan : marxism party took control 1978
Cuba-Missile crisis

Intro Part Six, Chapter 20 (pp. 973-1017) + Chapter 20 documents (pp. 1018-1033)

New Era started in 1914~beginning of WORLD WAR I (Great War) [1914-1918]

(start)World War I>Russian Revolution(world communism)>Great Depression>Nazi Germany>World War II (end)?

End=Soviet Union 1991? September 11? Economic crisis 2008?

WORLD WAR I
*spark* Serbian nationalist assassinates heir to Austro-Hungarian throne~>Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Austria-Hungary ally = Germany(powerful)
Serbian ally = Russia

Great Powers                                               

• Russia
• Great Britain
• France
• Austria-Hungary
• Italy 
• Germany

Triple Alliance

• Germany
• Italy
• Austria

Triple Entente

• France 
• Russia
• Great Britain 

Great war brought US to center stage as global power

League of Nations(Woodrow Wilson), to keep global peace

GREAT DEPRESSION

-flaws in capitalism 

-GD 1929

-October 24, 1929 stock market crash =suicide, banks closed,investments dried up, world trade drop by 62%, business unable to sell, unemployment

-Unemployment rates 30% or more in Germany + US. 

WORLD WAR II

global conflict between Asia and Europe

problem was rise in Chinese nationalism which threatened Japan

United States didn't want to join in war because if the economic troubles of the great Depression >> Pearl Harbor inevitably made their decision

-Pearl Harbor December 1941

US put an end to war with bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945

Empires in Collision: Chapter 19 (p. 931-957) + documents (p. 958-971)

China, Japan, Ottoman Empire, Persia(Iran), Ethiopia, Siam (Thailand), and Latin American goverments all opposed European colonial empires which allowed them to retain and tranform their own socieites independently.

4 Dimensions of Europeans

• strong military
• networking in trade, investment, and migration to create a new world economy
• influence of language (French, English, German); covert religions
• influence

1793-Emperor Qianlong rejected British request for a less strict trading relationship.
1911-Chinese revolution; end of Qing dynasty
1912-Chinese state collapsed after being such a global presence

China's problems within:
~no Industrial Revolution took place to accompany fast growing population
~agriculture production couldn't keep up
=growing pressure on land, smaller farms for China's huge peasant pop., unemployment, impoverishment, misery, and starvation

All of these was a result of the Taiping Uprising (1850-1864)
-leader: Hong Xiuquan "younger brother of Jesus"
-ideology: Christianity
-mission: revolutionary change (abolition of private property, redistribution of land, end to prostitution and smoking, organization of sexually segregated military camps)

Opium Addiction
late 18th century, British began using opium to cover their trade imbalance with China.
Illegally smuggling into China
Millions of addicts
Lin Zebu led campaign against opium

The Ottoman Empire 
Islam also another successful civilization
Didn't get under colonial rule but did feel the changing balance of global power

"defensive modernization" - strengthening states and preserving independence

"The Sick Man of Europe" - Ottoman Empire no longer was able to deal with Europe from a position of equality or superiority.
Ottoman Empire once viewed as the "strong sword of Islam" but was unable to prevent region after region from falling to Christianity.

Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa: Chapter 18 (pp. 879-912) + documents (pp. 922-929)

European colonial insistence on maintaining distance between blacks and white

• Africans not allowed to be taught English

                >for sexual and political reasons

This racial boundary monitoring was the main feature of 19th-20th century colonial societies.

Industry and Empire

Europes 19th century Industrial Revolution face rise to economic need which they found solutions abroad. It created need for raw materials and agriculture :

• Wheat from Midwest & Southern Russia
• Meat from Argentina
• Bananas from Central America
• Rubber from Brazil
• Cocoa and Palm Oil from West Africa
• Tea from Ceylon
• Gold/Diamonds from South Africa

Also Europe needs to sell their own products because with industrial capitalism they tend to make more products than their own people can buy so they sell abroad.
Nationalism became extremely important to the European countries and control for colonies became competitive. 

European Conquests

-Had military force 

-Had firepower (rifles and machine guns)

"Scramble for Africa" when six European powers split up Africa among themselves (1875-1900)

     >took only 25 years

     >Took France 16 years to conquer West Africa (1882-1898)

~Problems Europeans encountered while conquering

• decentralized societies
• Battle of Ishandlwana(1879): British defeated by Zulu 

Boer War(1899-1902): European conquer Boers in South Africa after 3 years of war because of their difference in military force.

European colonies in Africa:

British: Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Nigeria, Egypt, British Somaliland, Uganda, Kenya, Sudan, Northern Rhodesia, southern Rhodesia, Bechuamaland, South Africa, Gambia

French: Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, Senegal, West Africa, French Equatorial Africa, Madagascar, French Somaliland

German: Togo, Cameroon, German East Africa, German Southwest Africa

Italian: Libya, Eritrea, Italian Somaliland

Portuguese: Portuguese Guinea, Angola, Mozambique

Belgian: Congo

Spanish:Spanish Morocco, Rio de Oro, Spanish Guinea

European Rule

Traumatizing for many people especially small societies because there was much killing, lost of homes and cattle and crops and land. 

But also many men found employment, status, and security

The Indian Rebellion (1857-1858) proved one of many bitter oppositions of people. Ir was caused by the Europeans new weapon cartridge smeared with cow and pig fat which Hindus saw cows as a scared animal that shall never be touched and Muslims saw pigs as unclean animals.

Ways of Working

• unpaid labor on public projects 
• Forced labor
• Natives obligated for "statute labor"

Revolutions of Industrializaion Chapter 17 (pp.827-861)

The Industrial Revolution drastically changed mankind for all of history. In Europe, during this time, it pushed them to be world dominate. Great Britain was the first industrial society. The textile industry bloomed, railroads emerged, and mining and manufacturing advanced all creating economic change.

Textile Industry
Used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800 and consumed 588 million pounds in 1850 .

Railroads
Crisscrossed  all of Europe drastically changed transportation speed and cutting it down dramatically. Trains made it easier for trade (transportation of goods) and transportation of people.

Mining and Manufacturing
Before this revolution, agricultures was the main source of the economy. With the jobs in manufacturing, agriculture became little of importance.

Chapter 16 (798-811) + Chapter 16 doc (pp.812-825)

Slavery
The abolition of slavery started taking rise when Enlightenment thinkers in the 18th century became critical of the act by saying it as against natural rights. A voice that started reformation in the United States. Religion also thought the same. Quakers and Protestants said it was a "crime in the sight of God". What made this voice louder was that people started realizing that slavery was not essential to their economy. In the world of emerging technology and capitalism, slavery seemed out of date to Europeans. The end of the Atlantic slavery marked a big turn in history and moral thinking of mankind.
Nationalism
In the 20th century, the idea of populations being separated into nations wit their own culture and identity was natural. States didn't give this satisfaction as nations did. In North and South America independence movements took place that gave their name. Nationalism provided many unifications of people that use to feel left out in states. It encouraged people to break away also and gain their own independence.
Feminism
The idea of women being subordinate to men started to be fought against for equality. This was a normal thing throughout history until this new beginning in thinking and equality gave rise. Women began to participate in events and education. Seneca Falls Conference was the first to see these new ideas of women's rights. In 1914, 100,000 women took part in the French feminist organization. 2 million were apart of National American Woman Suffrage Association. Slowly women started gaining little parts here and here that they could participate in. These actions, though, surely did help the foundation of many of today's protest for equal rights. It will only get stronger.

While reading through the documents, Document 16.3 (816) caught my attention. The speech by Frederick Douglass "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?"
When he says, "The conscience of the nation must be roused:... the hypocrisy of the nation must be exposed; and its crimes against God and man must be proclaimed and denounced." We still see this today. Actions the nation takes is hypocritical to our laws be support. He examines what 4th of July is to a slave. He says that it is the reminder more stronger than any other day that there is great injustice and cruelty in which is inflicted upon him. To the slave, Americans celebrate in joy, but to him its a sham. Hoe could people celebrate something that's also unjust and unfair, not provided to everyone.

Atlantic Revolutions, Global Echoes // Chapter 16 (pp. 781-797)

Atlantic Revolution was birthed from expensive wars, weakening states, and destabilizing of commercialization.

The wars : strained European states Britain, France, Spain
-Seven Years' War: Britain and France join battle in North America, Caribbean, West Africa, and South Africa.
Outcomes: Britain outs heavier taxes on American colonies and French monarchy
                              = Which led to American and French revolutions.

In the Atlantic revolution world, ideas from the Enlightenment created endless controversy. Created questions like Are liberty and equality the same? What kind of government best ensured freedom? How far should liberty be stretched? These ideas called for the Atlantic movements to be called "democratic revolutions".  Another feature was its global impact. It spired many states to abolish slavery, extend the right to vote, to create equity for women. Nationalism became a big part of culture.

American Revolution
American colonies breaking from Britain. There was a real difference between Englishmen and American colonies. The colonies different societies. Class was very distinguishable. No legal distinctions differentiated clergy men like in France, and all free men enjoyed the same status before the law. All conditioned for less poverty, more opportunities, fewer social differences, and easier relationships among classes than in Europe.

Chapter 15 (pp. 740-752) + Document 15.2, Condorcet (pp. 756-57)

The beginning of Modern Science started of with intellectual thinking about how to understand Christian teachings. This took place between the years of mid 16th century through earl 18th century. The new thinkers stemmed off the most important book in the era before, the Bible, and started making their own rational thoughts, observations, experiments etc. to make an answer to satisfy their rational mind.
So why did the Scientific Revolution be marked after Europe's achievements? Islam had one of the most advanced mathematics, astronomy, and medicine way before Europe started thinking about this stuff. China had Confucianism which stemmed more off secular laws. European is rewarded with this title because of their redesigned legal systems and started the development of its universities which all scholars could learn scientific ideas which contrasted with Islam and Chinese scholars. In Islam, colleges held center the Quran rather than science which challenged the Quran. In China, authorities held all of freedom of studies in their colleges.  So Europe was the first to let its people be free in educations and develop it themselves.
New thinker caused the new ear of Enlightenment. Example like Charles Darwin with his idea of evolution, drastically shattered religious beliefs. Karl Marx and his system of society transformed  the outlook of human civilization. Sigmund Freud made scientific techniques to explain the human mind and emotion with also conflicted with Enlightenment ideas.

Chapter 15: Cultural Transformations (pp. 719-739)

As the title references "Cultural Transformations" began to arise in the early modern era. The first was the spread of Christianity and the second was the beginning of scientific discoveries. 

Christianity began to spread throughout the globe, through Asia, Africa, and America. With Islam battling beside it. All while the era known as the Scientific Revolution gave rise to European thinkers. Science and religion always clashed been ideas and beliefs. We see those beginnings here in the revolution as science started to become a new "religion" as well. 

This story of Christianity spreading was no smooth path. Th religion was quite split into two which caused complications within itself. The Roman Catholics of Western and Central Europe and the Eastern Orthodox of Eastern Europe and Russia. The Protestant Reformation shattered the Roman Catholics unity by issuing the Ninety-Five theses basically saying bad things about the Church. The result, it cause even more divisions trough Europe. The spreading of Christianity did have benefits. Since the religion was widespread the word of God and faith was global in the early modern era. (only good of course if you belief in this stuff). Spanish America widely accepted the belief and also Native Americans ho were baptized by 1700. Whereas Chinese widely rejected the idea. They had their own beliefs that they stuck to and didn't bother with Christian ideas. 

 

Chapter 14 (pp.687-699) & Chapter 14 document (pp.700-717)

The atlantic slave trade was a huge mark in history between the years 1500-1866  (at its peak at 1776 - 1800 ) which involved a whopping number of 12.5 million African people where as 10.7 million of them were in the Americas.  Most of which went to Brazil 45.4% ( 4,864,000 ) and second to the Caribbean 44.8% ( 4,798,000 ). And not to say, 1.8 million of the Africans died during the transportation. Slavery in America was harsher than places other wher slavery in America was harsher than other places. They were slave for life and their children inherited the slave identity.  They were seen as property and lacked any rights that humans had. Why were  africans treated this way?  Well first of all, all the Native Americans died from European disease so they were not available. Europeans were Christians so they were exempt from slavery, and Europeans who did agree to work was an indentured servant and got way better conditions and benefits than Africans. And of course the more obvious reason was that Africans were black. The African and European relationship was based off of racism and were considered lower than whites. Therefore it was easier for the Europeans to exploit them without guilt. One effect of the slave trade on Africans was on African women. Since mostly men got shipped across sea there was an unbalance in sex ratio. This meant men could marry multiple women and use them as their slaves. This was a time very unjust  actions. Because this was such a big event and popular it was hard to control. They increased racism and colonialism was great  and a lot of people accepted therefore making it even harder to create a equal world.

Part Four:The Early Modern Era (pp.610-615) & Chapter 13 (pp.617-649)

1/19/2016

The beginning of the Modern Era is discussed in the intro of part 4. The signs that a modern era was emerging started developing around the world. Significant events like the Scientific Revolution, double in world population (from 374 million to 968 million) because of new foods from America, organized economies, manufacturing, and new military power (gunpowder) all were marks of a new era. But this idea of "Modern" that we think about today is nowhere to be used to describe the time that this chapter is talking about, as Strayer suggests. There were no indication of industrial fabrication, gender inequality was accepted and normal. All people lived still in a way of old traditional principles.

Reading this intro I developed some questions that may or may not be answered as the chapter moves forward. Since the author is basically saying that this era between he times of 1450-1750 were no where near the advancements of the idea of "modern" and is more of a late agrarian era, why was it still designated as such? Also it made me question what is agrarian? And why is Strayer calling it that? What made him make this assumption?

It is no mystery that the Europeans were the first Eastern Hemisphere people to make settlement in the Americas, and this is because of several reasons. They had advantages that other countries did not. One being they were simply closer. It was a simple straight line across the ocean. With their mapmaking and navigation skills they were able to track the wind currents that evidently got them there faster. As history went on, the Europeans inevitably created disaster in the Americas. They carried disease that the Native Americans had no immunity to. Thus, it wiped out a majority of them. New foods and crops began to arise in the Americas. One example being sugar. Not only did this bring in wealth to Brazil but also induced slave labor.