Empires in Collision: Chapter 19 (p. 931-957) + documents (p. 958-971)

China, Japan, Ottoman Empire, Persia(Iran), Ethiopia, Siam (Thailand), and Latin American goverments all opposed European colonial empires which allowed them to retain and tranform their own socieites independently.

4 Dimensions of Europeans

• strong military
• networking in trade, investment, and migration to create a new world economy
• influence of language (French, English, German); covert religions
• influence

1793-Emperor Qianlong rejected British request for a less strict trading relationship.
1911-Chinese revolution; end of Qing dynasty
1912-Chinese state collapsed after being such a global presence

China's problems within:
~no Industrial Revolution took place to accompany fast growing population
~agriculture production couldn't keep up
=growing pressure on land, smaller farms for China's huge peasant pop., unemployment, impoverishment, misery, and starvation

All of these was a result of the Taiping Uprising (1850-1864)
-leader: Hong Xiuquan "younger brother of Jesus"
-ideology: Christianity
-mission: revolutionary change (abolition of private property, redistribution of land, end to prostitution and smoking, organization of sexually segregated military camps)

Opium Addiction
late 18th century, British began using opium to cover their trade imbalance with China.
Illegally smuggling into China
Millions of addicts
Lin Zebu led campaign against opium

The Ottoman Empire 
Islam also another successful civilization
Didn't get under colonial rule but did feel the changing balance of global power

"defensive modernization" - strengthening states and preserving independence

"The Sick Man of Europe" - Ottoman Empire no longer was able to deal with Europe from a position of equality or superiority.
Ottoman Empire once viewed as the "strong sword of Islam" but was unable to prevent region after region from falling to Christianity.