Chapter 22: The End of Empire (documents) p.1120-1135

Speech to the General Congress of the Republican Party (1927)

• rejects caliph power
• unreasonable aim to unite in one tribe
• recognition of the authority of the Caliph would be a condition o the independence of the Persian and Afghan states.
• Free to religious opinion=nation must eliminate enforcement of sharia from Constitution
• Abolish all sects of religious titles

          Under to rule of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk abolishment of Islam in all part of public life was put into place to reject the old Ottoman Empires ways. He wanted to modernize the country. he advocated for personal devotion and goals within the individual.


From Islam to America (2010)

• Found new ideas from the Enlightenment from a university
• Disowned by her father and went to live in the Netherlands
• she no longer wanted to be a muslim due to 9/11
• Treatment of women in the Quran

          Ayaan Hirsi Ali who found new ideas that she favored more than the harsh teaching in the Quran was disowned from her father because of this and wen to seek asylum in the Netherlands. She says that the treatment of women in the Quran is horrible. Once a girl starts menstruating she has no voice. They are forced to clean and cook, comply with the arranged marriage by their fathers, and after marriage their lives are devoured to the sexual pleasure of their husbands and childbearing. No education. Her touch with Western individualism and Enlightenment and 9/11 made her path of choice much more clear and drifted from her strict Muslim faith.

The End of Empire: Chapter 22 (p.1087-1119)

1914-present

End of Empires following WWI: >> gave rise to Europe and Middle East

• Austrian                             
• Ottoman Empire

End of Empires following WWII:

• German
• Japanese

" only legitimate government is national self-government "
-Nationalism played a major role in its disintegration>>Colonial rule dug its own grave
"fatal flaw" = nationalism
"conjuncture" - the coming together of several separate developments at a  particular time
-United Nations conducted a platform of anti colonial agitation = a transformation of social values that encouraged African and Asian countries to seek independence

India Ending British Rule

• British didn't assimilate into Indian culture
• British technology , schools, and language bound many regions in India together
• Gandhi called for moral transformation>>non-violence
• Gandhi and Congress Party(INC) finally agreed to partition as the British declared that they will leave India after WWII
• India became independent in 1947 as two countries (Pakistan and India)
• dividing was a harsh violent time

South Africa Ending Apartheid

• had been independent from Britain since 1910
• but had been decided by white controlled government (only 20% of population)
• Country was mostly black  and had no political rights
• South Africans against this governing 
• Boer War (1899-1902) Afrikaner fought independence from British-ruled South Africa

Chapter 21: Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict

Global Communism
-19th century European socialism ~Karl Marx
-1970=1/3 of the world lived in communism
-Soviet Union (communist) largest in size
-China (communist) largest in population
-Communism to Europe during WWII
-Mongolia became communist by Russian Revolution spillover
-After Japans defeated in WWII, it split, and Soviet controls the northern half

Russian Revolution
-1917
-inspired other revolutions
-inspired by French Revolution;by getting rid of 'old' ways
-caused by the pressure(accumulated tensions) of WWI
-Warsaw Pact:brought SU and Eastern Europe together to fight western NATO alliance
-Treaty of Friendship: between SU and China
-showed weakness in Provincial Government : middle class politicians and modern socialist leaders
                    ~Divided and ineffectual, unwilling to meet demands of revolution
*Bolsheviks-radical small socialist group, leader Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)

Cold War
-In Europe
-Soviet in Eastern Europe vs. American&British
-control vs. democratic societies
-NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
-extension of communism into Asia globalized the cold war or "hot wars"
-Afganistan : marxism party took control 1978
Cuba-Missile crisis

Intro Part Six, Chapter 20 (pp. 973-1017) + Chapter 20 documents (pp. 1018-1033)

New Era started in 1914~beginning of WORLD WAR I (Great War) [1914-1918]

(start)World War I>Russian Revolution(world communism)>Great Depression>Nazi Germany>World War II (end)?

End=Soviet Union 1991? September 11? Economic crisis 2008?

WORLD WAR I
*spark* Serbian nationalist assassinates heir to Austro-Hungarian throne~>Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Austria-Hungary ally = Germany(powerful)
Serbian ally = Russia

Great Powers                                               

• Russia
• Great Britain
• France
• Austria-Hungary
• Italy 
• Germany

Triple Alliance

• Germany
• Italy
• Austria

Triple Entente

• France 
• Russia
• Great Britain 

Great war brought US to center stage as global power

League of Nations(Woodrow Wilson), to keep global peace

GREAT DEPRESSION

-flaws in capitalism 

-GD 1929

-October 24, 1929 stock market crash =suicide, banks closed,investments dried up, world trade drop by 62%, business unable to sell, unemployment

-Unemployment rates 30% or more in Germany + US. 

WORLD WAR II

global conflict between Asia and Europe

problem was rise in Chinese nationalism which threatened Japan

United States didn't want to join in war because if the economic troubles of the great Depression >> Pearl Harbor inevitably made their decision

-Pearl Harbor December 1941

US put an end to war with bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945

Empires in Collision: Chapter 19 (p. 931-957) + documents (p. 958-971)

China, Japan, Ottoman Empire, Persia(Iran), Ethiopia, Siam (Thailand), and Latin American goverments all opposed European colonial empires which allowed them to retain and tranform their own socieites independently.

4 Dimensions of Europeans

• strong military
• networking in trade, investment, and migration to create a new world economy
• influence of language (French, English, German); covert religions
• influence

1793-Emperor Qianlong rejected British request for a less strict trading relationship.
1911-Chinese revolution; end of Qing dynasty
1912-Chinese state collapsed after being such a global presence

China's problems within:
~no Industrial Revolution took place to accompany fast growing population
~agriculture production couldn't keep up
=growing pressure on land, smaller farms for China's huge peasant pop., unemployment, impoverishment, misery, and starvation

All of these was a result of the Taiping Uprising (1850-1864)
-leader: Hong Xiuquan "younger brother of Jesus"
-ideology: Christianity
-mission: revolutionary change (abolition of private property, redistribution of land, end to prostitution and smoking, organization of sexually segregated military camps)

Opium Addiction
late 18th century, British began using opium to cover their trade imbalance with China.
Illegally smuggling into China
Millions of addicts
Lin Zebu led campaign against opium

The Ottoman Empire 
Islam also another successful civilization
Didn't get under colonial rule but did feel the changing balance of global power

"defensive modernization" - strengthening states and preserving independence

"The Sick Man of Europe" - Ottoman Empire no longer was able to deal with Europe from a position of equality or superiority.
Ottoman Empire once viewed as the "strong sword of Islam" but was unable to prevent region after region from falling to Christianity.

Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa: Chapter 18 (pp. 879-912) + documents (pp. 922-929)

European colonial insistence on maintaining distance between blacks and white

• Africans not allowed to be taught English

                >for sexual and political reasons

This racial boundary monitoring was the main feature of 19th-20th century colonial societies.

Industry and Empire

Europes 19th century Industrial Revolution face rise to economic need which they found solutions abroad. It created need for raw materials and agriculture :

• Wheat from Midwest & Southern Russia
• Meat from Argentina
• Bananas from Central America
• Rubber from Brazil
• Cocoa and Palm Oil from West Africa
• Tea from Ceylon
• Gold/Diamonds from South Africa

Also Europe needs to sell their own products because with industrial capitalism they tend to make more products than their own people can buy so they sell abroad.
Nationalism became extremely important to the European countries and control for colonies became competitive. 

European Conquests

-Had military force 

-Had firepower (rifles and machine guns)

"Scramble for Africa" when six European powers split up Africa among themselves (1875-1900)

     >took only 25 years

     >Took France 16 years to conquer West Africa (1882-1898)

~Problems Europeans encountered while conquering

• decentralized societies
• Battle of Ishandlwana(1879): British defeated by Zulu 

Boer War(1899-1902): European conquer Boers in South Africa after 3 years of war because of their difference in military force.

European colonies in Africa:

British: Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Nigeria, Egypt, British Somaliland, Uganda, Kenya, Sudan, Northern Rhodesia, southern Rhodesia, Bechuamaland, South Africa, Gambia

French: Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, Senegal, West Africa, French Equatorial Africa, Madagascar, French Somaliland

German: Togo, Cameroon, German East Africa, German Southwest Africa

Italian: Libya, Eritrea, Italian Somaliland

Portuguese: Portuguese Guinea, Angola, Mozambique

Belgian: Congo

Spanish:Spanish Morocco, Rio de Oro, Spanish Guinea

European Rule

Traumatizing for many people especially small societies because there was much killing, lost of homes and cattle and crops and land. 

But also many men found employment, status, and security

The Indian Rebellion (1857-1858) proved one of many bitter oppositions of people. Ir was caused by the Europeans new weapon cartridge smeared with cow and pig fat which Hindus saw cows as a scared animal that shall never be touched and Muslims saw pigs as unclean animals.

Ways of Working

• unpaid labor on public projects 
• Forced labor
• Natives obligated for "statute labor"

Revolutions of Industrializaion Chapter 17 (pp.827-861)

The Industrial Revolution drastically changed mankind for all of history. In Europe, during this time, it pushed them to be world dominate. Great Britain was the first industrial society. The textile industry bloomed, railroads emerged, and mining and manufacturing advanced all creating economic change.

Textile Industry
Used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800 and consumed 588 million pounds in 1850 .

Railroads
Crisscrossed  all of Europe drastically changed transportation speed and cutting it down dramatically. Trains made it easier for trade (transportation of goods) and transportation of people.

Mining and Manufacturing
Before this revolution, agricultures was the main source of the economy. With the jobs in manufacturing, agriculture became little of importance.