Empires in Collision: Chapter 19 (p. 931-957) + documents (p. 958-971)

China, Japan, Ottoman Empire, Persia(Iran), Ethiopia, Siam (Thailand), and Latin American goverments all opposed European colonial empires which allowed them to retain and tranform their own socieites independently.

4 Dimensions of Europeans

• strong military
• networking in trade, investment, and migration to create a new world economy
• influence of language (French, English, German); covert religions
• influence

1793-Emperor Qianlong rejected British request for a less strict trading relationship.
1911-Chinese revolution; end of Qing dynasty
1912-Chinese state collapsed after being such a global presence

China's problems within:
~no Industrial Revolution took place to accompany fast growing population
~agriculture production couldn't keep up
=growing pressure on land, smaller farms for China's huge peasant pop., unemployment, impoverishment, misery, and starvation

All of these was a result of the Taiping Uprising (1850-1864)
-leader: Hong Xiuquan "younger brother of Jesus"
-ideology: Christianity
-mission: revolutionary change (abolition of private property, redistribution of land, end to prostitution and smoking, organization of sexually segregated military camps)

Opium Addiction
late 18th century, British began using opium to cover their trade imbalance with China.
Illegally smuggling into China
Millions of addicts
Lin Zebu led campaign against opium

The Ottoman Empire 
Islam also another successful civilization
Didn't get under colonial rule but did feel the changing balance of global power

"defensive modernization" - strengthening states and preserving independence

"The Sick Man of Europe" - Ottoman Empire no longer was able to deal with Europe from a position of equality or superiority.
Ottoman Empire once viewed as the "strong sword of Islam" but was unable to prevent region after region from falling to Christianity.

Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa: Chapter 18 (pp. 879-912) + documents (pp. 922-929)

European colonial insistence on maintaining distance between blacks and white

• Africans not allowed to be taught English

                >for sexual and political reasons

This racial boundary monitoring was the main feature of 19th-20th century colonial societies.

Industry and Empire

Europes 19th century Industrial Revolution face rise to economic need which they found solutions abroad. It created need for raw materials and agriculture :

• Wheat from Midwest & Southern Russia
• Meat from Argentina
• Bananas from Central America
• Rubber from Brazil
• Cocoa and Palm Oil from West Africa
• Tea from Ceylon
• Gold/Diamonds from South Africa

Also Europe needs to sell their own products because with industrial capitalism they tend to make more products than their own people can buy so they sell abroad.
Nationalism became extremely important to the European countries and control for colonies became competitive. 

European Conquests

-Had military force 

-Had firepower (rifles and machine guns)

"Scramble for Africa" when six European powers split up Africa among themselves (1875-1900)

     >took only 25 years

     >Took France 16 years to conquer West Africa (1882-1898)

~Problems Europeans encountered while conquering

• decentralized societies
• Battle of Ishandlwana(1879): British defeated by Zulu 

Boer War(1899-1902): European conquer Boers in South Africa after 3 years of war because of their difference in military force.

European colonies in Africa:

British: Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Nigeria, Egypt, British Somaliland, Uganda, Kenya, Sudan, Northern Rhodesia, southern Rhodesia, Bechuamaland, South Africa, Gambia

French: Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, Senegal, West Africa, French Equatorial Africa, Madagascar, French Somaliland

German: Togo, Cameroon, German East Africa, German Southwest Africa

Italian: Libya, Eritrea, Italian Somaliland

Portuguese: Portuguese Guinea, Angola, Mozambique

Belgian: Congo

Spanish:Spanish Morocco, Rio de Oro, Spanish Guinea

European Rule

Traumatizing for many people especially small societies because there was much killing, lost of homes and cattle and crops and land. 

But also many men found employment, status, and security

The Indian Rebellion (1857-1858) proved one of many bitter oppositions of people. Ir was caused by the Europeans new weapon cartridge smeared with cow and pig fat which Hindus saw cows as a scared animal that shall never be touched and Muslims saw pigs as unclean animals.

Ways of Working

• unpaid labor on public projects 
• Forced labor
• Natives obligated for "statute labor"