Chapter 22: The End of Empire (documents) p.1120-1135

Speech to the General Congress of the Republican Party (1927)

• rejects caliph power
• unreasonable aim to unite in one tribe
• recognition of the authority of the Caliph would be a condition o the independence of the Persian and Afghan states.
• Free to religious opinion=nation must eliminate enforcement of sharia from Constitution
• Abolish all sects of religious titles

          Under to rule of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk abolishment of Islam in all part of public life was put into place to reject the old Ottoman Empires ways. He wanted to modernize the country. he advocated for personal devotion and goals within the individual.


From Islam to America (2010)

• Found new ideas from the Enlightenment from a university
• Disowned by her father and went to live in the Netherlands
• she no longer wanted to be a muslim due to 9/11
• Treatment of women in the Quran

          Ayaan Hirsi Ali who found new ideas that she favored more than the harsh teaching in the Quran was disowned from her father because of this and wen to seek asylum in the Netherlands. She says that the treatment of women in the Quran is horrible. Once a girl starts menstruating she has no voice. They are forced to clean and cook, comply with the arranged marriage by their fathers, and after marriage their lives are devoured to the sexual pleasure of their husbands and childbearing. No education. Her touch with Western individualism and Enlightenment and 9/11 made her path of choice much more clear and drifted from her strict Muslim faith.

The End of Empire: Chapter 22 (p.1087-1119)

1914-present

End of Empires following WWI: >> gave rise to Europe and Middle East

• Austrian                             
• Ottoman Empire

End of Empires following WWII:

• German
• Japanese

" only legitimate government is national self-government "
-Nationalism played a major role in its disintegration>>Colonial rule dug its own grave
"fatal flaw" = nationalism
"conjuncture" - the coming together of several separate developments at a  particular time
-United Nations conducted a platform of anti colonial agitation = a transformation of social values that encouraged African and Asian countries to seek independence

India Ending British Rule

• British didn't assimilate into Indian culture
• British technology , schools, and language bound many regions in India together
• Gandhi called for moral transformation>>non-violence
• Gandhi and Congress Party(INC) finally agreed to partition as the British declared that they will leave India after WWII
• India became independent in 1947 as two countries (Pakistan and India)
• dividing was a harsh violent time

South Africa Ending Apartheid

• had been independent from Britain since 1910
• but had been decided by white controlled government (only 20% of population)
• Country was mostly black  and had no political rights
• South Africans against this governing 
• Boer War (1899-1902) Afrikaner fought independence from British-ruled South Africa

Chapter 21: Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict

Global Communism
-19th century European socialism ~Karl Marx
-1970=1/3 of the world lived in communism
-Soviet Union (communist) largest in size
-China (communist) largest in population
-Communism to Europe during WWII
-Mongolia became communist by Russian Revolution spillover
-After Japans defeated in WWII, it split, and Soviet controls the northern half

Russian Revolution
-1917
-inspired other revolutions
-inspired by French Revolution;by getting rid of 'old' ways
-caused by the pressure(accumulated tensions) of WWI
-Warsaw Pact:brought SU and Eastern Europe together to fight western NATO alliance
-Treaty of Friendship: between SU and China
-showed weakness in Provincial Government : middle class politicians and modern socialist leaders
                    ~Divided and ineffectual, unwilling to meet demands of revolution
*Bolsheviks-radical small socialist group, leader Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)

Cold War
-In Europe
-Soviet in Eastern Europe vs. American&British
-control vs. democratic societies
-NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
-extension of communism into Asia globalized the cold war or "hot wars"
-Afganistan : marxism party took control 1978
Cuba-Missile crisis

Intro Part Six, Chapter 20 (pp. 973-1017) + Chapter 20 documents (pp. 1018-1033)

New Era started in 1914~beginning of WORLD WAR I (Great War) [1914-1918]

(start)World War I>Russian Revolution(world communism)>Great Depression>Nazi Germany>World War II (end)?

End=Soviet Union 1991? September 11? Economic crisis 2008?

WORLD WAR I
*spark* Serbian nationalist assassinates heir to Austro-Hungarian throne~>Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Austria-Hungary ally = Germany(powerful)
Serbian ally = Russia

Great Powers                                               

• Russia
• Great Britain
• France
• Austria-Hungary
• Italy 
• Germany

Triple Alliance

• Germany
• Italy
• Austria

Triple Entente

• France 
• Russia
• Great Britain 

Great war brought US to center stage as global power

League of Nations(Woodrow Wilson), to keep global peace

GREAT DEPRESSION

-flaws in capitalism 

-GD 1929

-October 24, 1929 stock market crash =suicide, banks closed,investments dried up, world trade drop by 62%, business unable to sell, unemployment

-Unemployment rates 30% or more in Germany + US. 

WORLD WAR II

global conflict between Asia and Europe

problem was rise in Chinese nationalism which threatened Japan

United States didn't want to join in war because if the economic troubles of the great Depression >> Pearl Harbor inevitably made their decision

-Pearl Harbor December 1941

US put an end to war with bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945