Revolutions of Industrializaion Chapter 17 (pp.827-861)

The Industrial Revolution drastically changed mankind for all of history. In Europe, during this time, it pushed them to be world dominate. Great Britain was the first industrial society. The textile industry bloomed, railroads emerged, and mining and manufacturing advanced all creating economic change.

Textile Industry
Used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800 and consumed 588 million pounds in 1850 .

Railroads
Crisscrossed  all of Europe drastically changed transportation speed and cutting it down dramatically. Trains made it easier for trade (transportation of goods) and transportation of people.

Mining and Manufacturing
Before this revolution, agricultures was the main source of the economy. With the jobs in manufacturing, agriculture became little of importance.

Chapter 16 (798-811) + Chapter 16 doc (pp.812-825)

Slavery
The abolition of slavery started taking rise when Enlightenment thinkers in the 18th century became critical of the act by saying it as against natural rights. A voice that started reformation in the United States. Religion also thought the same. Quakers and Protestants said it was a "crime in the sight of God". What made this voice louder was that people started realizing that slavery was not essential to their economy. In the world of emerging technology and capitalism, slavery seemed out of date to Europeans. The end of the Atlantic slavery marked a big turn in history and moral thinking of mankind.
Nationalism
In the 20th century, the idea of populations being separated into nations wit their own culture and identity was natural. States didn't give this satisfaction as nations did. In North and South America independence movements took place that gave their name. Nationalism provided many unifications of people that use to feel left out in states. It encouraged people to break away also and gain their own independence.
Feminism
The idea of women being subordinate to men started to be fought against for equality. This was a normal thing throughout history until this new beginning in thinking and equality gave rise. Women began to participate in events and education. Seneca Falls Conference was the first to see these new ideas of women's rights. In 1914, 100,000 women took part in the French feminist organization. 2 million were apart of National American Woman Suffrage Association. Slowly women started gaining little parts here and here that they could participate in. These actions, though, surely did help the foundation of many of today's protest for equal rights. It will only get stronger.

While reading through the documents, Document 16.3 (816) caught my attention. The speech by Frederick Douglass "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?"
When he says, "The conscience of the nation must be roused:... the hypocrisy of the nation must be exposed; and its crimes against God and man must be proclaimed and denounced." We still see this today. Actions the nation takes is hypocritical to our laws be support. He examines what 4th of July is to a slave. He says that it is the reminder more stronger than any other day that there is great injustice and cruelty in which is inflicted upon him. To the slave, Americans celebrate in joy, but to him its a sham. Hoe could people celebrate something that's also unjust and unfair, not provided to everyone.

Atlantic Revolutions, Global Echoes // Chapter 16 (pp. 781-797)

Atlantic Revolution was birthed from expensive wars, weakening states, and destabilizing of commercialization.

The wars : strained European states Britain, France, Spain
-Seven Years' War: Britain and France join battle in North America, Caribbean, West Africa, and South Africa.
Outcomes: Britain outs heavier taxes on American colonies and French monarchy
                              = Which led to American and French revolutions.

In the Atlantic revolution world, ideas from the Enlightenment created endless controversy. Created questions like Are liberty and equality the same? What kind of government best ensured freedom? How far should liberty be stretched? These ideas called for the Atlantic movements to be called "democratic revolutions".  Another feature was its global impact. It spired many states to abolish slavery, extend the right to vote, to create equity for women. Nationalism became a big part of culture.

American Revolution
American colonies breaking from Britain. There was a real difference between Englishmen and American colonies. The colonies different societies. Class was very distinguishable. No legal distinctions differentiated clergy men like in France, and all free men enjoyed the same status before the law. All conditioned for less poverty, more opportunities, fewer social differences, and easier relationships among classes than in Europe.

Chapter 15 (pp. 740-752) + Document 15.2, Condorcet (pp. 756-57)

The beginning of Modern Science started of with intellectual thinking about how to understand Christian teachings. This took place between the years of mid 16th century through earl 18th century. The new thinkers stemmed off the most important book in the era before, the Bible, and started making their own rational thoughts, observations, experiments etc. to make an answer to satisfy their rational mind.
So why did the Scientific Revolution be marked after Europe's achievements? Islam had one of the most advanced mathematics, astronomy, and medicine way before Europe started thinking about this stuff. China had Confucianism which stemmed more off secular laws. European is rewarded with this title because of their redesigned legal systems and started the development of its universities which all scholars could learn scientific ideas which contrasted with Islam and Chinese scholars. In Islam, colleges held center the Quran rather than science which challenged the Quran. In China, authorities held all of freedom of studies in their colleges.  So Europe was the first to let its people be free in educations and develop it themselves.
New thinker caused the new ear of Enlightenment. Example like Charles Darwin with his idea of evolution, drastically shattered religious beliefs. Karl Marx and his system of society transformed  the outlook of human civilization. Sigmund Freud made scientific techniques to explain the human mind and emotion with also conflicted with Enlightenment ideas.

Chapter 15: Cultural Transformations (pp. 719-739)

As the title references "Cultural Transformations" began to arise in the early modern era. The first was the spread of Christianity and the second was the beginning of scientific discoveries. 

Christianity began to spread throughout the globe, through Asia, Africa, and America. With Islam battling beside it. All while the era known as the Scientific Revolution gave rise to European thinkers. Science and religion always clashed been ideas and beliefs. We see those beginnings here in the revolution as science started to become a new "religion" as well. 

This story of Christianity spreading was no smooth path. Th religion was quite split into two which caused complications within itself. The Roman Catholics of Western and Central Europe and the Eastern Orthodox of Eastern Europe and Russia. The Protestant Reformation shattered the Roman Catholics unity by issuing the Ninety-Five theses basically saying bad things about the Church. The result, it cause even more divisions trough Europe. The spreading of Christianity did have benefits. Since the religion was widespread the word of God and faith was global in the early modern era. (only good of course if you belief in this stuff). Spanish America widely accepted the belief and also Native Americans ho were baptized by 1700. Whereas Chinese widely rejected the idea. They had their own beliefs that they stuck to and didn't bother with Christian ideas. 

 

Chapter 14 (pp.687-699) & Chapter 14 document (pp.700-717)

The atlantic slave trade was a huge mark in history between the years 1500-1866  (at its peak at 1776 - 1800 ) which involved a whopping number of 12.5 million African people where as 10.7 million of them were in the Americas.  Most of which went to Brazil 45.4% ( 4,864,000 ) and second to the Caribbean 44.8% ( 4,798,000 ). And not to say, 1.8 million of the Africans died during the transportation. Slavery in America was harsher than places other wher slavery in America was harsher than other places. They were slave for life and their children inherited the slave identity.  They were seen as property and lacked any rights that humans had. Why were  africans treated this way?  Well first of all, all the Native Americans died from European disease so they were not available. Europeans were Christians so they were exempt from slavery, and Europeans who did agree to work was an indentured servant and got way better conditions and benefits than Africans. And of course the more obvious reason was that Africans were black. The African and European relationship was based off of racism and were considered lower than whites. Therefore it was easier for the Europeans to exploit them without guilt. One effect of the slave trade on Africans was on African women. Since mostly men got shipped across sea there was an unbalance in sex ratio. This meant men could marry multiple women and use them as their slaves. This was a time very unjust  actions. Because this was such a big event and popular it was hard to control. They increased racism and colonialism was great  and a lot of people accepted therefore making it even harder to create a equal world.